STI's refers to Sexual Transmitted Infections. It is most infectious disease which spread from one person to another through sexual activity
Since many of STI don't show any signs or symptoms at first , thus it is better to take precautions and safety To protect yourself and your partner also.
There are 9 most common STI's, mentioned below, and you will come to know the exact cause, signs and symptoms, prevention test, treatment and concerns.
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1. Chlamydia
It is the most common STI's in the world. It is bacterial infection caused by bacteria
chlamydia achromatic
It very common in woman compared to man. Majority of Chlamydia infections are among the people of age groups from 15 to 25 years of age.
Chlamydia can effect the
cervix, and
urethra, rectum, throat and
eye.
Chlamydia also cause another STI called
LGV ( lymphoma venereal ) or venereal disease.
- Risk associated with chlamydia infection:
Chlamydia can be spread through unhygienic and unprotected oral,vaginal, or anal sex, with a infected person or partner.
Penetration and ejaculation are not required for transmission.
It can also pass from an infected mother to her infant during Child birth.
Around 70% of women and 50% man suffering from chlamydia have feel no symptoms at first.
Symptoms might appear several weeks after initial exposure to the bacteria.
Chlamydia infections are typically more serious in woman than man.
Symptoms in female.
- Vaginal bleeding after intercourse or between menstrual cycle.
- Vaginal itching and discharge
- Abdominal and low back pain.
- Pain during intercourse.
- Itchy urethra
- Watery or milky discharge from penis.
- Testicular pain and swelling.
- Symptoms in both male and female
- Pain and burning during urination.
- Pain, itching, bleeding and, or mucus discharge of rectum ( chlamydia in anus).
- Pain, redness, swelling, redness, water discharge from eye. (chlamydia infections in eye).
- Sore throat cough, swollen lymph nodes and fever (chlamydia in throat ).
Using condoms can prevent the spread of infection.
Wash regularly genitals with antibacterial soap,liquid or spray.
Swabs can be used to tcervix,
urethra, vagina, rectum, nose, throat and eyes e
Depending upon where the infection lies
Urine test preferably fir woman
Blood test for infants less than 3 months of age
It can be treated with antibiotics in single dose or several doses as suggested by doctors.
Any one treated for chlamydia should retested after six months afterwards
In case of complicated chlamydia infections such as PID, neonatal infection or epidemiologist required long course of duration for treatment and may require hospitalization with IV antibiotics.
Complications
- If Chlamydia infections remain untreated it may cause serious health complications :
- t may spread from cervix to uterus, and Fallopian tube which lead to another complication know as Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).
- PID leads to chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility, low birth weight,
- For pregnant women it may cause miscarriage, preterm delivery,.
This infection can be passed from mother to her child during birth , causing an eye infection or pneumonia.
It may cause inflammation of restocked, prostrate and scortum. It may also cause ingfertility.
It can form another form of inflammation called LGV.
LGV may cause ulceration sore or lumps inside or outside of the genitals.
Chlamydia can cause rashes, sores, joint pain in both male and female.
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2 Gonorrhea
It is the 2nd most wide spread sexual infection in the world, and often occurs as a co-infection with chlamydia .
Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection caused by bacteria Neisseria gonorrhea. It is also known as " the clap ."
- Risk associated with gonorrhea
Gonorrhea can be spread through unhygienic and unprotected oral,vaginal, or anal sex, with a infected partner, including through mutual masturbation and sharing of sex toys.
Penetration and ejaculation are not required for transmission
It can also be passed from infected mother to her child during birth.
Symptoms
Most of the fenale don't develop any symptoms but male do. When symptoms may occur it may last for 2 to 7 days after infection.
- Increased vaginal discharge
- Vaginal bleeding after intercourse or between menstrual cycle.
- Vaginal itching and discharge
- Abdominal and low back pain.
- Pain during intercourse
- Thick yellowish discharge from penis
- Testicular pain and swelling
- Itching in penis.
- Both male and female
- Pain and burning during urination.
- Pain, itching, bleeding and, or mucus discharge of rectum ( gonorrhea in anus).
- Pain, redness, swelling, redness, water discharge from eye. (gonorrhea infections in eye).
- Sore throat cough, swollen lymph nodes and fever (gonorrhea in throat ).
Using condoms can prevent the spread of infection.
Wash regularly genitals with antibacterial soap,liquid or spray
Test of gonorrhea can be done by swabbing the infected area or by urine samples.
It can be treated by dual therapy of antibiotics,as a single dose by mouth and a single muscular injection.
Sexual partner who have had contact with an infected person within 60 days of diagnosis require testing and treatment.
Anyone treated for gonorrhea should be re-tested 6 months afterwards.
Patients treated with gonorrhea should also be treated for chlamydia
If gonorrhea left untreated it may cause serious health complications
In females
If in females gonorrhea left untreated then it can spread from cervix to uterus and Fallopian tubes and may create a further complication called Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).
And this PID leads to chronic pelvic pain, risk of ectopic pregnancy, and infertility.
for pregnant woman gonorrhea may cause miscarriage, preterm birth,premature rupture of membranes, or infection
Gonorrhea may pass from mother to her child during birth and child may causing an eye infection or a severe infection in blood.
In Male
In man gonorrhea may cause testis infection,which may lead to infertility.
Both in male and female
in both male and female gonorrhea may cause arthritis, infertility, or severe infection in blood
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3. Syphilis
Syphilis is fairly uncommon infection in the world which is rapidly increasing in adults and congenitals.
syphilis is a bacterial nfection caused by bacteria Treponema pallidum.
- Risk factors associated with syphilis
Syphilis can be spread through unhygienic and unprotected oral,vaginal, or anal sex, with a infected partner, including through mutual masturbation and sharing of sex toys.
It can be spread by direct contact with bacteriacontained in syphalis sores or rashes
It can also be passed from infected mother to her child during birth.
Syphilis can progress through four stages: Primary, Secondary, latent and tertiary. Every stage producing different symptoms.
Many of the symptoms mimic that of other illness, thus it makes very difficult to diagnose them.
With the progression of stages, the symptoms of syphilis may go away on their own,but this doesn't meant that the infection is gone.
- Primary syphilis:
- It may last from 3 days to 3 months after exposure, following are the symptoms:
- The infected individual may develop a small painless sore at the point of infection, typically on the genitals, anus or throat.
- The sore will heal by itself without any treatment usually in 3-6 weeks, but this doesnt mean that it infection is gone
- Secondary syphilis:
- It may last from 6 weeks to 6 months, with following symptoms
Flu-like symptoms
- patchy hair loss
- muscle and joint pains
- rashes on the palms and sole of the feet
- fever
- swollen glands
- A general feeling of being unwell
- Flat,smooth warts in the genital area.
- headaches
- Eye infection
- Meningitis
These symptoms will typically disappears by their own but it dosent mean that that the person will no longer infected or the person can no longer transmit the infection to others.
Secondary symptoms may last for 3-12 weeks but may persists for years until the infections moves to the last stage.
Once in latent stage,a person maystill have "relapse" in which secondary symptoms will reappear.
- Latent Syphilis:
- It is divides as <1 year to > 1 year with following symptoms :
A person generally has no symptoms at latent stage , but for the first year after infection lesion or rashes of primary or secondary syphilis can recur and infection can be transmitted.
During this time the bacteria started multiplying and started infect the body.
- Tertiary Stage:
- It may lasts from 2 years -30 years or more with symptoms as folows :
40% of tertiary syphalis infections are untreated infections, this stage is very destructive
.
It is the stage which the long term damage caused by syphilis bacteria results in very health complications such as
- heart
- bone
- brain
- blood vessels
- in some cases leads to death.
Using condoms can prevent the spread of infection.
Wash regularly genitals with antibacterial soap,liquid or spray
- Testing
- Testing for syphilis is done by swabbing the infected area or by
blood test.
- Treatment
- Syphilis infected people are typically treated with injectable
penicillin. The number of doses will depend on the stage of the infection
- Follow-up
and close monitoring is required, Other antibiotics can be used in
some cases,
Complications
- Syphilis if
left untreated, can cause
potentially life-threatening complications, and permanent damage to the
brain, heart, bones, and blood vessels.
- Sometimes, syphilis can cause mental
disorders or neurological problems. In very rare cases.
- untreated syphilis infection can
be fatal.
- Because
syphilis can cause lesions and sores on the genitals or anus, it increases
the risk of transmitting or becoming infected with HIV.
- If an
infected mother passes syphilis to her infant during birth, it can result
in fetal death or congenital syphilis (this includes birth defects and
developmental delay).
- Talk to a
doctor before starting to have sex again.
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4. HPV
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted
infection caused bya virus Human Papilloma Virus,
The highest rates of HPV
infection occurring in young people of
age 15 to 24 years
There are more than 100
known types of HPV out of which 40 that cause genital warts and cancer.
Low-risk types of HPV, which cause genital warts, often clear on their own.
There are at least 15 cancer-causing HPV types, the most common being HPV types
16 and 18.
Risks associated with HPV
- HPV can be
passed through oral, vaginal, or anal sex with an infected partner.
- HPV can
also be transmitted through other intimate contact including
genital rubbing.
Symptoms
Genital
warts:
- No symptoms
- Itchiness
- Discomfort
during intercourse
- Bleeding
with intercourse or with shaving
- Warts on
the penis or vulva, which appear as small cauliflower-like growths
- During
pregnancy, warts may increase in size and number and then regress/resolve
after delivery
- Cervical cancer:
- Often
no symptoms
- Bleeding
between periods or after intercourse
- Found after
an abnormal Pap test
- HPV has been associated with
some cancers on the vulva, in the anus, on the penis, and in the throat.
Atypical symptoms from these areas, especially bleeding, itchiness, or
pain should prompt a visit to the doctor.
Preventions
Condoms can help prevent the
spread of HPV, but they do not provide full protection.
- The most up-to-date vaccine
provides protection against 7 HPV types associated with 90% of
cervical cancers.
- Shaving the genital area can
promote the spread of genital warts
Vaccination works best before you are sexually
active or have already become infected or exposed to an HPV virus, but can help
reduce the risk of HPV-related disease at any time, even after an abnormal
Testing
- Most genital warts are
diagnosed by visual inspection. If there is any doubt, a biopsy can
be taken.
- Cervical
Cancer Screening – If you are female, the best
defence against cervical cancer is to have regular Pap and/or HPV tests.
These tests will detect abnormal cells in your cervix that could lead to
cervical cancer. A female should visit a health care provider to have
cervical cancer screening tests every few years or according to the
guidelines in their province or territory.
- Cervical cancer can be
screened for by Pap tests and/or HPV tests.
- Males can be examined by
their doctor for genital warts caused by HPV and for signs of cancers of
the penis, anus, and mouth and throat.
Treatment
- There is no known way to
eradicate the virus once you are infected.
- People with conditions
affecting their immune system, including HIV, cancer, on immune
suppressant medication for organ transplantation, and auto-immune
conditions (such as systemic lupus erythematosis) need more frequent
screening for HPV.
- There are treatments for
genital warts and cell changes caused by the virus, but these do not cure
the virus itself.
- Once you have an HPV
infection, the immune system will most often clear the virus, in most
people, within one to two years.
- HPV infections can reoccur
in the future.
Complications
- Once infected with HPV, you
are at increased risk of re-infection and of persistent HPV infection.
Thus both genital warts and cancerous changes to the cervix can reoccur.
This can be especially significant in those with weakened immune systems,
for example, after organ transplantation, during cancer treatment, or in
conditions of immune deficiency such as AIDS or HIV infection.
- Counselling may be useful to
help with relationship issues that may arise from the complex nature of
the infection.
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5.Herpes
Herpes
is the most common cause of genital ulcerations, but the infection can be
spread even when no symptoms are visible. There are two types of the
Herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV-1 is primarily associated with oral infection,
and the HSV-2 is primarily associated with genital infection. HSV-2 is present
in about 20% of adults.
Risks for transmission
- HSV-2 is
most commonly transmission by unprotected anal or vaginal intercourse
- It can also
be transmitted from the mother to the baby during pregnancy
and delivery
- HSV- 1 is
most commonly transmitted by oral or genital sex
- Up to 70%
of all genital HSV-2 infections are transmitted when people are not having
any symptoms or lesions. This is called “asymptomatic shedding.”
Symptoms
Primary Infection
- Flu-like
symptoms including fever, headache and sore muscles
- Swollen
lymph nodes
- Inflammation
in the nervous system (aseptic meningitis) in up to one quarter
of cases
- Pain
while urinating
- Genital pain
- Presence of
genital ulcers
- Symptoms
resolve after approximately 15 to 23 days
Recurrent Infection
- Slightly
less severe than initial infection
- A slight
tingling, itching, or burning may be a sign that an active outbreak
is coming
- These can
be triggered by stressors (such as illness, surgery, emotional stress),
the menstrual cycle, sexual intercourse, surgery, and
some medications
- Infection
from oral sex can cause sores inside the mouth or on the lips of both men
and women
- Symptoms
typically appear within two to twenty days of infection
- Symptoms
resolve after approximately 9 to 11 days
Prevention
- Use condoms
during sexual intercourse
- Avoid
sexual intercourse if your partner is having a prodrome
(early symptoms)
- Avoid
sexual intercourse if you or your partner is having active genital or
oral lesions
Testing
- Herpes is
tested by swabbing an active lesion
- A blood
test can also detect HSV-1 or
HSV-2 infections
- Sexual
partners from the 60 days prior to prodrome onset should be informed if
you had an outbreak of Herpes; they can consider blood tests to see if
they carry Herpes as well.
Treatment
- There
is no known cure for Herpes
- Antiviral
medication is effective to decrease the duration and severity of
the outbreaks
- To
be most effective these treatments must be started immediately after the
prodrome symptoms appear
Complications
- By
themselves HSV-1 and HSV-2 are generally not considered a serious
health risk.
- Infected
pregnant women can pass the virus to infants during birth, causing lesions
and possibly life-threatening infections of the central nervous system of
the baby.
- In
very small number of cases HSV can cause meningitis or encephalitis
(inflammation of the brain).
- Herpes
infection of the eye can cause scarring of the cornea and
even blindness.
- Herpes
increases the risk of transmission of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
People with HIV can have particularly severe outbreaks of HSV, which can
be a sign they have progressed to have AIDS.
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The hepatitis C virus can be sexually
transmitted and can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, which is a liver
disease.
About half of
those who become infected with Hepatitis C show no symptoms at the beginning.
Symptoms develop years after infection. About one per cent of the Canadian
population has a current or past infection with hepatitis C.
Risks associated with hepatitis C transmission
- Hepatitis C can be
contracted from sharing contaminated needles and equipment for snorting,
inhaling or preparing an injection.
- Having unprotected sex when
blood is present
- Having sex with someone who
is HCV positive
- It can be transmitted from
the mother to the baby during pregnancy or delivery
- It can be transmitted when
getting a tattoo or a body piercing with unsterilized equipment
- Had a blood transfusion
prior to 1992
Symptoms
Acute infection
- Fatigue
- Decreased appetite,
weight loss
- Nausea
- Flu-like symptoms
- Jaundice
- Rash
- Dark-coloured urine and
light or clay-coloured stools
Chronic Infection
- Jaundice
- Swelling of the abdomen
- Blood in stools
- Blood in vomit
- Sleep disturbance
- Depression
- Weight loss
- Itchy skin
- Brain disease
Prevention
- Use a condom when
having sex
- Don’t share contaminated
needles and other drug materials
- Reduce the number of
sexual partners
- Get tattoos and piercings
done at well-known tattoo parlours with clear safety profiles
Testing
- Testing is performed
by bloodwork
Treatment
- Treatment
is complex. There are several drug combinations that have been approved by
Health Canada for people with hepatitis C.
- Other
goals are to prevent progression of the liver disease
Complications
- People
can be re-infected.
It can lead to chronic disease and liver cancer
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7. Scabies
Scabies are parasitic
mites (Sarcoptes scabiei) that burrow below the surface of the skin. They lay eggs under the skin to hatch. The larvae then
move to a new area to spread infection. Mites prefer warm zones (folds of skin
on elbows, wrists, buttocks, knees, armpits, shoulder blades, waist, breasts
and penis, between the fingers and under the nails).
Risks for transmission
- Transmission occurs
primarily during close sexual and non-sexual contact
- Scabies can live for three
days in the bedding, towels and clothes of an infected individual. These
items can be a source of transmission.
Symptoms
- Within three to four weeks
of infestation, symptoms can include intense night-time itchiness and a
reddish rash.
- The lesions are usually in
the hands, wrists, armpits, waist, nipples, around the belly button, and
in the male genitalia.
- With recurrences, the same
symptoms occur, but more rapidly, usually within hours of infestation.
Testing
- Taking a
skin scraping of the burrow to remove the mite
- The Burrow
Ink Test (BIT) as scabies burrows under the skin retain pen ink
Treatment
- Treatment
consists of a medical cream or shampoo; special consideration is given to
infestations in the eyelashes. If the first treatment does not work it can
be repeated after one week.
- All
household contacts and recent sexual partners within the past month should
be treated to prevent re-infestation.
- Clothing,
bedding and other possible contaminated items should be washed or dry
cleaned, or bagged for three days to one week. Items that cannot be washed
or bagged should be vacuumed.
Complications
- Persistent
scratching of irritated skin can cause a secondary
bacterial infection.
- Severe
infections are commonly seen in people with compromised immune systems:
the skin can become scaly or crusty, requiring more complex and
aggressive treatment.
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Trichomoniasis is globally considered as the most common STI's, which is non viral. Trichomoniasis (“trich”) is an infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis.
That can be found in the urethra, bladder, vagina, cervix, or under the foreskin The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis is 3.1 % among women of reproductive ages from 14-49.
Risks associated with Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis is more common in people who have multiple sexual partners
- It can be transmitted through unprotected sexual activity, including mutual masturbation and sharing of sex toys.
Symptoms
Men tend to have fewer symptoms than women.
- 10-50% of infected people don’t have symptoms.
In females
- Itchiness
- Vaginal discharge is off-white or yellowish-green, frothy, and malodorous
- Pain or burning while urinating
- Pain during intercourse.
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In Male
- Pain or burning while urinating
- Discharge from the penis.
Prevention
- Condoms can help prevent the spread of Trichomoniasis.
google.com, pub-8422222620543172, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0
Testing
- Testing for Trichomoniasis is done by physical exam, examining discharge under a microscope, and swabbing the affected area for culture
- If the test comes back positive for Trichomoniasis (for either you or your partner , you may need to have further tests done to check for other possible infections.
Treatment
- Trichomoniasis can be treated with oral antibiotics by mouth
- Both sexual partners should receive treatment
- It is important to get treated early to prevent complications
- No sexual intercourse until the treatment is completed for both partners.
Complications
- Trichomoniasis infections can increase the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV for both men and women.
- “Trich” may occur in conjunction with other STIs, such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, HIV and hepatitis B.
- In pregnancy, Trichomoniasis infection may increase the risk of pre-term delivery, premature rupture of the membranes or low birth weight.
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